In 2006 – 2007 at the European Center for the Study of Synchrotron Radiation ESRF (Grenoble, France), a group of researchers from Armenia, Russia, Italy and France studied the Compton scattering of laser light by an electron beam from an accelerator with energies of 6 GeV. In this case, the counting of the speed of the photons was calculated in relation to the selected reference frame associated with the dipole axis of the microwave background radiation. A result was obtained indicating the anisotropy of the photon velocity with a confidence level of 10 standard deviations above the background level. As the curators noted, no systematic errors have yet been identified in the experiment, however, in their opinion, the result needs further independent verification, which is correct. A source
When determining the speed of light without reference to such a reference system as the dipole axis of the microwave background radiation, the speed of light, according to the results of numerous experiments, starting with the Michelson-Morley experiment, appears to be isotropic in all directions.
For example, on July 1, 2002 in Physics News Update, Number 590 (see also UFN 172 220), this was demonstrated in experiments carried out by researchers from the universities of Constance and Dusseldorf). The authors carried out an experiment to check the independence of the speed of light from the direction, in which the best to date accuracy of 1.7 × 10-15 was established. This accuracy is 3 times higher than previously achieved. The photons were investigated in a sapphire crystal cooled by liquid helium. Two such resonators were oriented at right angles to each other. The entire installation could rotate, which made it possible to establish the independence of the speed of light from direction.
According to the postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity, the speed of light does not depend on the direction and absolute magnitude of the speed of the observer. And real experiments like this indicate that there is addiction. The speed of photons emitted by a source located on Earth is different depending on the vector of motion of the solar system in the system of microwave background radiation. moreover, the emitter gives photons of slightly different energies and, accordingly, velocities in the direction along or against the motion of the solar system in these coordinates.
It is not postulates and formulas that determine how photons should move. Photons of the same energy always move with the same speed because they are not at all ejected by moving particles of matter, that is, so that it would be possible to summarize the speed of photons and the speed of particles of matter. The photons simply leave the particles of matter with their usual speed, which before that it was these photons that were moving in space with a certain speed possible for these particles of matter, but always less than the speed of the photons.
The speed of photons of different energies is not the same. And this is also shown by observations of supernovae. Supernova explosions of type Ia, known both in our Galaxy and in the most distant galaxies and serving as one of the reference distances to galaxies, last in our galaxy for about two weeks, and in more distant galaxies they are stretched in time and this stretching is proportional to the redshift of these galaxies, proportional to the distance of these galaxies. A supernova explosion in a galaxy with a redshift of 0.5 is observed for three weeks, and in a galaxy with a redshift of 1.0 it lasts for one month.
The farther the supernova is from us, the greater the scatter of the motion time of photons of different spectra, and the longer the observed flash time. The difference in the speed of photons in the visible range is only 6.844626968 x 10 ^ -10% (minus the tenth power), or 0.00000205196 km / s, which is 2.05 mm / s.
It turns out that for any object, including any measuring device located on our Earth, for example, the yellow sodium line will always be yellow, and for an observer stationary in a system associated with microwave background radiation, when the Earth turns out to be moving towards him, the photons of this yellow line turn a little blue, and when the Earth moves away from it, they turn a little red. And this is exactly what was recorded in the experiment indicated above, carried out at the European Center for the Study of Synchrotron Radiation ESRF.