{"id":4358,"date":"2018-05-30T21:01:20","date_gmt":"2018-05-30T17:01:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=4358"},"modified":"2018-05-30T21:01:20","modified_gmt":"2018-05-30T17:01:20","slug":"%d0%b3%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%be%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%b4-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%85-%d0%b0%d1%84%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%b5%d0%b2%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bf%d1%8b-%d0%b0%d0%b7%d0%b8%d0%b8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=4358","title":{"rendered":"\u0413\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 V -III \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"post-page-subtitle\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"content-note\">\n<p>\u0412 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. Tian Chen Zeng, Alan J. Aw &amp; Marcus W. 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\u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438.<br \/>\n\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e 1 \u043a 17. \u041d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 (\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445) \u043d\u0438\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u0418\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e V \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433, \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0443 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445.<\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b, \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043a V \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<div class=\"inline-block max-width\"><a class=\"block small-space-below\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6\/figures\/1\" data-test=\"img-link\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-category=\"article body\" data-track-label=\"image\" data-track-action=\"view figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"max-width\" src=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/m685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04375-6\/MediaObjects\/41467_2018_4375_Fig1_HTML.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 1\" data-test=\"satellite-img\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"text14 suppress-bottom-margin add-top-margin sans-serif\" data-test=\"bottom-caption\">\n<p>Cumulative Bayesian skyline plots of Y-chromosome and mtDNA diversity by world regions. Reprinted from Karmin et al.<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d2362e479\" title=\"Karmin, M. et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 25, 459\u2013466 (2015).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#ref-CR4\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0with permission from Monika Karmin and under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International)<\/p>\n<div class=\"inline-block max-width\"><a class=\"block small-space-below\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6\/figures\/2\" data-test=\"img-link\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-category=\"article body\" data-track-label=\"image\" data-track-action=\"view figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"max-width\" src=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/m685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04375-6\/MediaObjects\/41467_2018_4375_Fig2_HTML.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 2\" data-test=\"satellite-img\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"text14 suppress-bottom-margin add-top-margin sans-serif\" data-test=\"bottom-caption\">\n<p>Explosive male-lineage expansions of the last 15,000 years. Each circle represents a phylogenetic node whose branching pattern suggests rapid expansion. The horizontal axis indicates the timings of the expansions, and circle radii reflect growth rates, namely the minimum number of sons per generation, as estimated by a two-phase growth model\u00a0of Poznik et al.<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d2362e502\" title=\"Poznik, G. D. et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nat. Genet. 48, 593\u2013599 (2016).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>. Nodes are grouped by continental superpopulation (AFR: African, AMR: admixed American, EAS: East Asian, EUR: European, SAS: South Asian) and coloured by haplogroup. Line segments connect phylogenetically nested lineages. Reprinted from Poznik et al.<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d2362e506\" title=\"Poznik, G. D. et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nat. Genet. 48, 593\u2013599 (2016).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0with permission from Carlos D. Bustamante and Nature Publishing Group<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"inline-block max-width\"><a class=\"block small-space-below\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6\/figures\/3\" data-test=\"img-link\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-category=\"article body\" data-track-label=\"image\" data-track-action=\"view figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"max-width\" src=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/m685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04375-6\/MediaObjects\/41467_2018_4375_Fig3_HTML.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 3\" data-test=\"satellite-img\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"text14 suppress-bottom-margin add-top-margin sans-serif\" data-test=\"bottom-caption\">\n<p>Male-specific Y (MSY) chromosome phylogeny from next-generation sequencing data, and associated demographic reconstruction.\u00a0<b>a<\/b>\u00a0MSY phylogeny based on 456 samples and 35,700 SNPs. Major haplogroups are labelled. The orange box highlights recent expansions identified in several haplogroups, and the yellow box highlights more ancient expansion of deep-rooting lineages.\u00a0<b>b<\/b>\u00a0MSY Bayesian Skyline Plots (of effective population size against time), with different world regions indicated by colours as shown in the key. Reprinted from Batini and Jobling<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d2362e544\" title=\"Batini, C. &amp; Jobling, M. A. Detecting past male-mediated expansions using the Y chromosome. Hum. Genet. 136, 547\u2013557 (2017).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#ref-CR78\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\">78<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0with permission from Mark A. Jobling and Springer Science+Business Media<\/p>\n<div class=\"inline-block max-width\"><a class=\"block small-space-below\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6\/figures\/4\" data-test=\"img-link\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-category=\"article body\" data-track-label=\"image\" data-track-action=\"view figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"max-width\" src=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/m685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04375-6\/MediaObjects\/41467_2018_4375_Fig4_HTML.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 4\" data-test=\"satellite-img\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"text14 suppress-bottom-margin add-top-margin sans-serif\" data-test=\"bottom-caption\">\n<p>Schematic of the steps in the simulation, according to the order described in the algorithm.\u00a0<b>a<\/b>\u00a0(i) Patrilineal (PT) starting conditions, where cultural groups strictly determine haplogroup type.\u00a0<b>a<\/b>\u00a0(ii) The non-patrilineal (NPT) condition where they are perfectly uncorrelated.\u00a0<b>b<\/b>\u00a0The killing step, with a more (PT) and less (NPT) patrilineal starting condition. The number of deaths in each group is inversely related to group size. The blue cultural group goes extinct in both cases. This causes the haplogroup represented by the diamonds to go extinct in PT, but no haplogroup extinction occurs in NPT.\u00a0<b>c<\/b>\u00a0The mutation step, where a small number of individuals in the largest haplogroup change their haplogroup.\u00a0<b>d<\/b>\u00a0The regeneration step, where (i) is a replica of (<b>b<\/b>) PT (iii), and (<b>d<\/b>) (ii) shows how the original number of individuals before the killing step is restored by proportionally increasing the number of individuals in all cells.\u00a0<b>e<\/b>\u00a0Group fission step. Where an empty row occurs, the largest cultural group splits, and half the individuals form a new cultural group in the empty row. The step in which we remove cultural groups that are too small\u2014between (<b>c<\/b>,\u00a0<b>d<\/b>)\u00a0(see Methods)\u2014is not shown<\/p>\n<div class=\"inline-block max-width\"><a class=\"block small-space-below\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6\/figures\/5\" data-test=\"img-link\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-category=\"article body\" data-track-label=\"image\" data-track-action=\"view figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"max-width\" src=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/m685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04375-6\/MediaObjects\/41467_2018_4375_Fig5_HTML.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 5\" data-test=\"satellite-img\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"text14 suppress-bottom-margin add-top-margin sans-serif\" data-test=\"bottom-caption\">\n<p>Cultural group and haplogroup dynamics in competing completely non-patrilineal groups (NPT) and in competing patrilineal kin groups (PT). These correspond to Figs.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#Fig2\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\">2<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#Fig3\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\">3<\/a>\u00a0of Supplementary Note\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#MOESM1\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"supplementary material anchor\">3<\/a>. There are 100 cultural groups, or \u2018tribes,\u2019 each with size 100 at the beginning, and 500 possible haplogroups. Dynamics of the number of distinct cultural groups, cultural group diversity, the number of distinct haplogroups and haplogroup diversity are obtained by averaging over 100 simulation runs (details in Supplementary Note\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#MOESM1\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"supplementary material anchor\">3<\/a>). Left panels:\u00a0<b>a<\/b>\u00a0Number of distinct haplogroups.\u00a0<b>b<\/b>\u00a0Haplogroup diversity.\u00a0<b>c<\/b>\u00a0Number of distinct cultural groups.\u00a0<b>d<\/b>\u00a0Cultural group diversity. Each graph consists of 100 pink trajectories representing 100 distinct simulation runs, and one thick solid red trajectory representing the average of the 100 pink trajectories. Black dotted lines representing confidence intervals covering two standard deviations from this mean trajectory. Note that the total number of haplogroups does not increase in this model as each haplogroup-cultural group pair has too few representatives for the mutation step of our algorithm to operate on; this is a methodological artifact and not a significant result.\u00a0<b>e<\/b>\u00a0The mean dynamics of the size of each of the 500 haplogroups over\u00a0<i>T<\/i>\u2009=\u200960 generations.\u00a0<b>f<\/b>\u00a0The dynamics of each of the 500 haplogroups for one single run. Right panel:\u00a0<b>g<\/b>\u2013<b>j<\/b>\u00a0Dynamics for the patrilineal configuration, correspond to\u00a0<b>a<\/b>\u2013<b>d<\/b>\u00a0of the non-patrilineal configuration. Similarly,\u00a0<b>k<\/b>,\u00a0<b>l<\/b>\u00a0correspond to\u00a0<b>e<\/b>,\u00a0<b>f<\/b><\/p>\n<div class=\"inline-block max-width\"><a class=\"block small-space-below\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6\/figures\/6\" data-test=\"img-link\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-category=\"article body\" data-track-label=\"image\" data-track-action=\"view figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"max-width\" src=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/m685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04375-6\/MediaObjects\/41467_2018_4375_Fig6_HTML.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 6\" data-test=\"satellite-img\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"text14 suppress-bottom-margin add-top-margin sans-serif\" data-test=\"bottom-caption\">\n<p>Tree of Y-chromosome genotypes from samples found among cultures with hunter-gatherer subsistence, and agropastoralist subsistence.\u00a0The blue background represents hunter-gatherer subsistence while the green background represents\u00a0agropastoralist subsistence. Letters in red circles match individuals from sites with their archaeological context. Note that R1b-P321 is synonymous with R1b-S116.\u00a0 Adapted from Figs.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#Fig3\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\">3<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#Fig4\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\">4<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#Fig5\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\">5<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#Fig6\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-action=\"figure anchor\">6<\/a>\u00a0of Kivisild<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d2362e1409\" title=\"Kivisild, T. The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA. Hum. Genet. 136, 529\u2013546 (2017).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#ref-CR67\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\">67<\/a><\/sup>, with addition of information from Olalde et al.<sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d2362e1414\" title=\"Olalde, I. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190\u2013196 (2018).\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6#ref-CR64\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\">64<\/a><\/sup>. The vertical axis represents time; the position of branch points represent the ages of branch-defining mutations, with nomenclature and age from yfull (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.yfull.com\/tree\/\">https:\/\/www.yfull.com\/tree\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6\" target=\"_blank\">\u00a0\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-04375-6\" target=\"_blank\">\u00a0\u0432<\/a>\u00a0<em>N<\/em>a<em>ture Communications.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>**********<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em><strong>\u0418 \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e: \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0426\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 &#8211; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434, \u043b\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/strong><\/em><\/span> (<a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=3503\" target=\"_blank\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=3434\" target=\"_blank\">2<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=2966\" target=\"_blank\">3<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=2820\" target=\"_blank\">4<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=2688\" target=\"_blank\">5<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=2384\" target=\"_blank\">6<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=2206\" target=\"_blank\">7<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=2172\" target=\"_blank\">8<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=2077\" target=\"_blank\">9<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=2912\" target=\"_blank\">10<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=185\" target=\"_blank\">11<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=171\" target=\"_blank\">12<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=154\" target=\"_blank\">13<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=150\" target=\"_blank\">14<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=156\" target=\"_blank\">15<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=141\" target=\"_blank\">16<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=158\" target=\"_blank\">17<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=126\" target=\"_blank\">18<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439&#8230;.<br \/><a class=\"read-more-button\" href=\"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/?p=4358\">\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u0415<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4358","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-neolit"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4358","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4358"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4358\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4359,"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4358\/revisions\/4359"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4358"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4358"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/round-the-world.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}